The Trouble with Tinker: An Examination of Student Free Speech Rights in the Digital Age

The boundaries of the schoolyard were once clearly delineated by the physical grounds of the school. In those days, it was relatively easy to determine what sort of student behavior fell within an educator’s purview, and what lay beyond the school’s control. Technological developments have all but erased these confines and extended the boundaries of the school environment somewhat infinitely, as the internet and social media allow students to interact seemingly everywhere and at all times. As these physical boundaries of the schoolyard have disappeared, so too has the certainty with which an educator might supervise a student’s behavior. Because smartphones, tablets, and computers abound, the ways in which students are able to communicate have changed dramatically in the new millennium, but the law governing the free speech rights of students in American public schools has not kept pace. Current law allows educators to punish student speakers when their in-school speech disrupts the school environment, or is likely to do so—but it is not clear that this same standard should apply to student speech that is posted online away from school, or whether a school should be able to punish off-campus online student speech at all. Because the Supreme Court of the United States has not yet spoken on the issue, and in the absence of a better standard, the courts that have addressed the issue of problematic off-campus online student speech have applied this standard that bases a school’s ability to punish the speaker on the (potential) disruptiveness of his or her speech. This Note explores that which the First Amendment guarantees to adult citizens and the ways in which these guarantees differ for public school students in school, as governed by four major Supreme Court decisions in the past fifty years. This Note then examines the recent cases in which courts have applied this precedent to off-campus online student speech for which the speakers were punished by their schools, and analyzes the ways in which the application of the same standard in these cases has led to drastically different outcomes. Ultimately, this Note contends that educators must be able to supervise student online activities to some extent, and proposes a new standard by which a public school would be able to punish a student for his or her off-campus online speech only if that speech was actually of concern to the school, and if that speech interfered with the rights of others in the school community

Predictors of Postpartum Depression: Body Dissatisfaction, Disordered Eating, and Perfectionism

Eighty percent of women with postpartum depression are undetected and untreated. The literature suggests that disturbances in body image and eating behavior during pregnancy may predict the development of postpartum depression. Early research also suggests that maladaptive perfectionism may play a role in this relationship. This study assessed body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, and maladaptive perfectionism in an ethnically diverse sample of 46 women during the 3rd trimester of pregnancy. Postpartum depression was assessed at least 2 months postpartum using the EPDS. Findings revealed that body dissatisfaction predicted symptoms of postpartum depression, after controlling for previously established risk factors. Body disparagement, a component of body dissatisfaction, accounted for the most variance in symptoms of postpartum depression and this relationship was moderated by maladaptive perfectionism. Contrary to hypotheses, in this sample, maladaptive perfectionism served as a protective factor. No significant relationships emerged between disordered eating, maladaptive perfectionism, and postpartum depression. The findings of this study provide additional information regarding risk factors for postpartum depression in a diverse sample of women

The Arts, Gentrification, and Columbus, Ohio

Artistic revitalization is something that has the power to change the fate of any neighborhood, whether that be through economic development or gentrification. Comparing the results of interviews and quantitative research in this proposal leads to an investigative look at two different neighborhoods in Columbus, Ohio where such developments have taken place and are continuing to evolve. The Short North is an area known for its gentrified population and drastic artistic change that has turned the neighborhood into the arts district of Columbus. Franklinton is known as the poorest neighborhood in the city, yet one that is on the verge of this same artistic growth that the Short North has undergone. Due to the act of displacement, one negative known consequence associated with the gentrification phenomenon, the research here was conducted to establish the role of the arts in this process. The data collected for this thesis has shown that though the arts and artists in each of these two neighborhoods were the pioneers of drastic economic movements, they are not directly to blame for the displacement of families in these two neighborhoods. The intervention of businesses and other economic factors are the driving force that takes the reins in the gentrification process. The arts in each respective neighborhood exist build the local economy through inclusion and community building.M.S., Arts Administration -- Drexel University, 201

The Arts, Gentrification, and Columbus, Ohio

Artistic revitalization is something that has the power to change the fate of any neighborhood, whether that be through economic development or gentrification. Comparing the results of interviews and quantitative research in this proposal leads to an investigative look at two different neighborhoods in Columbus, Ohio where such developments have taken place and are continuing to evolve. The Short North is an area known for its gentrified population and drastic artistic change that has turned the neighborhood into the arts district of Columbus. Franklinton is known as the poorest neighborhood in the city, yet one that is on the verge of this same artistic growth that the Short North has undergone. Due to the act of displacement, one negative known consequence associated with the gentrification phenomenon, the research here was conducted to establish the role of the arts in this process. The data collected for this thesis has shown that though the arts and artists in each of these two neighborhoods were the pioneers of drastic economic movements, they are not directly to blame for the displacement of families in these two neighborhoods. The intervention of businesses and other economic factors are the driving force that takes the reins in the gentrification process. The arts in each respective neighborhood exist build the local economy through inclusion and community building.M.S., Arts Administration -- Drexel University, 201

Cultural Humility Art-Based Training in the Helping Professions

There has been a lack of training and implementation of cultural humility in the helping professions. Clinician’s awareness of their own biases, assumptions, and cultural identities is critical when working with individuals who each have their own array of cultural identities. The following research examined the efficacy of cultural humility art-based training courses through surveys and examining the art experiential activity that was provided. The purpose of this research was to determine whether cultural humility art-based training would effectively increase mental health practitioners’ comfort, ability, and confidence in addressing culturally sensitive issues in their clinical work. The training focused on introducing the tenets of cultural humility with art directives to help participants reflect on their cultural identity. 47 Participants completed surveys that were analyzed in addition to their art in order to gain qualitative data. The data suggests that cultural humility art-based training effectively increased participant’s comfort, ability, and confidence in practicing cultural humility in their work with clients/patients and colleagues. More training and research are needed to generalize findings and determine their longevity

Augmented and virtual reality in spine surgery, current applications and future potentials

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: The field of artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly advancing, especially with recent improvements in deep learning (DL) techniques. Augmented (AR) and virtual reality (VR) are finding their place in healthcare, and spine surgery is no exception. The unique capabilities and advantages of AR and VR devices include their low cost, flexible integration with other technologies, user-friendly features and their application in navigation systems, which makes them beneficial across different aspects of spine surgery. Despite the use of AR for pedicle screw placement, targeted cervical foraminotomy, bone biopsy, osteotomy planning, and percutaneous intervention, the current applications of AR and VR in spine surgery remain limited. PURPOSE: The primary goal of this study was to provide the spine surgeons and clinical researchers with the general information about the current applications, future potentials, and accessibility of AR and VR systems in spine surgery. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: We reviewed titles of more than 250 journal papers from google scholar and PubMed with search words: augmented reality, virtual reality, spine surgery, and orthopaedic, out of which 89 related papers were selected for abstract review. Finally, full text of 67 papers were analyzed and reviewed. METHODS: The papers were divided into four groups: technological papers, applications in surgery, applications in spine education and training, and general application in orthopaedic. A team of two reviewers performed paper reviews and a thorough web search to ensure the most updated state of the art in each of four group is captured in the review. RESULTS: In this review we discuss the current state of the art in AR and VR hardware, their preoperative applications and surgical applications in spine surgery. Finally, we discuss the future potentials of AR and VR and their integration with AI, robotic surgery, gaming, and wearables. CONCLUSIONS: AR and VR are promising technologies that will soon become part of standard of care in spine surgery. (C) 2021 Published by Elsevier Inc

Neratinib overcomes trastuzumab resistance in HER2 amplified breast cancer.

Trastuzumab has been shown to improve the survival outcomes of HER2 positive breast cancer patients. However, a significant proportion of HER2-positive patients are either inherently resistant or develop resistance to trastuzumab. We assessed the effects of neratinib, an irreversible panHER inhibitor, in a panel of 36 breast cancer cell lines. We further assessed its effects with or without trastuzumab in several sensitive and resistant breast cancer cells as well as a BT474 xenograft model. We confirmed that neratinib was significantly more active in HER2-amplified than HER2 non-amplified cell lines. Neratinib decreased the activation of the 4 HER receptors and inhibited downstream pathways. However, HER3 and Akt were reactivated at 24 hours, which was prevented by the combination of trastuzumab and neratinib. Neratinib also decreased pHER2 and pHER3 in acquired trastuzumab resistant cells. Neratinib in combination with trastuzumab had a greater growth inhibitory effect than either drug alone in 4 HER2 positive cell lines. Furthermore, trastuzumab in combination with neratinib was growth inhibitory in SKBR3 and BT474 cells which had acquired resistance to trastuzumab as well as in a BT474 xenograft model. Innately trastuzumab resistant cell lines showed sensitivity to neratinib, but the combination did not enhance response compared to neratinib alone. Levels of HER2 and phospho-HER2 showed a direct correlation with sensitivity to neratinib. Our data indicate that neratinib is an effective anti-HER2 therapy and counteracted both innate and acquired trastuzumab resistance in HER2 positive breast cancer. Our results suggest that combined treatment with trastuzumab and neratinib is likely to be more effective than either treatment alone for both trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer as well as HER2-positive tumors with acquired resistance to trastuzumab

Predictors of Limb Fat Gain in HIV Positive Patients Following a Change to Tenofovir-Emtricitabine or Abacavir-Lamivudine

Background Antiretroviral treatment (cART) in HIV causes lipoatrophy. We examined predictors of anthropometric outcomes over 96 weeks in HIV-infected, lipoatrophic adults receiving stable cART randomised to tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) or abacavir-lamivudine (ABC-3TC) fixed dose combinations. Methodology/Principal Findings The STEAL study was a prospective trial of virologically suppressed participants randomised to either TDF-FTC (n = 178) or ABC-3TC (n = 179). Anthropometric assessment was conducted at baseline, weeks 48 and 96. The analysis population included those with baseline and week 96 data remaining on randomised therapy. Distribution of limb fat change was divided into four categories (≤0%, \u3e0-10%, \u3e10-20%, \u3e20%). Baseline characteristics [demographics, medical history, metabolic and cardiovascular biomarkers] were assessed as potential predictors of change in percent subcutaneous limb fat using linear regression. 303 participants (85% of STEAL population) were included. Baseline characteristics were: mean (±SD) age 45 (±8) years; thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (tNRTI) duration 4 (±3) years; limb fat 5.4 (±3.0)kg; body mass index 24.7 (±3.5) kg/m2. Mean (SD) limb fat gain to week 48 and 96 was 7.6% (±22.4) and 13.2% (±27.3), respectively, with no significant difference between groups. 51.5% of all participants had \u3e10% gain in limb fat. Predictors of greater limb fat gain at week 96 were baseline tNRTI (10.3, p = 0.001), glucose \u3e6 mmol/L (16.1, p = 0.04), higher interleukin 6 (IL-6) (2.8, p = 0.004) and lower baseline limb fat (3.8-6.4 kg - 11.2; \u3e6.4 kg - 15.7, p trend\u3c0.001). Conclusions/Significance Modest peripheral fat gain occurred with both TDF-FTC and ABC-3TC. Baseline factors associated with more severe lipodystrophy (lipoatrophy, baseline tNRTI, raised IL6, and glucose) predicted greater limb fat recovery at 96 weeks

LSST Science Book, Version 2.0

A survey that can cover the sky in optical bands over wide fields to faint magnitudes with a fast cadence will enable many of the exciting science opportunities of the next decade. The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will have an effective aperture of 6.7 meters and an imaging camera with field of view of 9.6 deg^2, and will be devoted to a ten-year imaging survey over 20,000 deg^2 south of +15 deg. Each pointing will be imaged 2000 times with fifteen second exposures in six broad bands from 0.35 to 1.1 microns, to a total point-source depth of r~27.5. The LSST Science Book describes the basic parameters of the LSST hardware, software, and observing plans. The book discusses educational and outreach opportunities, then goes on to describe a broad range of science that LSST will revolutionize: mapping the inner and outer Solar System, stellar populations in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies, the structure of the Milky Way disk and halo and other objects in the Local Volume, transient and variable objects both at low and high redshift, and the properties of normal and active galaxies at low and high redshift. It then turns to far-field cosmological topics, exploring properties of supernovae to z~1, strong and weak lensing, the large-scale distribution of galaxies and baryon oscillations, and how these different probes may be combined to constrain cosmological models and the physics of dark energy.Comment: 596 pages. Also available at full resolution at http://www.lsst.org/lsst/sciboo

Closing the global radiocarbon budget 1945-2005

The global radiocarbon cycle of the last 60 years was simulated with the Global RAdioCarbon Exploration Model (GRACE). The total radiocarbon production by atmospheric nuclear bomb tests was determined using available stratospheric and tropospheric radiocarbon (14C) observations as constraints. To estimate the range of uncertainty in the explosive force of atmospheric nuclear bomb tests and their respective 14C yield factor, we applied different published bomb test compilations. Furthermore, to account for a possible small bias in the available stratospheric excess radiocarbon observations, we tested the different bomb test compilations with both uncorrected and corrected stratospheric 14C observations. For each of these scenarios of the total bomb 14C burden, the model simulated the distribution of excess radiocarbon among the stratosphere, troposphere, biosphere, and ocean carbon reservoirs. With a global bomb 14C production of 598—632*10^26 atoms (99-105 kmol) 14C between 1945 and 1980, simulated excess radiocarbon inventories are in good agreement with all available stratospheric and tropospheric radiocarbon observations as well as with the latest estimates of the ocean excess radiocarbon inventories during the GEOSECS and WOCE surveys from Peacock (2004) and Key et al. (2004). For the very first time, our model is thus capable of closing the excess radiocarbon budget on the basis of our current knowledge of exchange rates and reservoir sizes in the global carbon system